Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Nitroaniline-Based Azo Compounds as Acid-Base Indicators

yazan zuhair; Abdullah Hussein  Kshash

doi:10.69923/w1fd6d83

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Nitroaniline-Based Azo Compounds as Acid-Base Indicators

Authors

yazan zuhair u.o.anbar Author https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0947-6186
Abdullah Hussein Kshash Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5336-4081

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69923/w1fd6d83

Keywords:

azo compounds, diazotization, nitroaniline, quinoline, acid-base indicators, naphthol

Abstract

Nine new azo compounds (Y1-Y9) were synthesized in this work by diazotizing ortho-, meta-, and para-nitroaniline derivatives and then coupling them with either 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene, 8-hydroxyquinoline, or α-naphthol. The reactions were carried out in an ice bath at 0-5°C under strictly regulated basic conditions. Using DMSO-d₆ as the solvent, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (¹H and ¹³C) were used to characterize the structures of all produced compounds definitively. UV-Vis spectral shifts in DMSO solutions across a wide pH range (1-14) were examined to measure their effectiveness as acid-base indicators. Both protonation and deprotonation caused noticeable bathochromic shifts in the compounds. The cationic form (pH 1-7) exhibited absorption maxima (λmax) at 391-483 nm, whereas the anionic form (pH 8-14) absorbed at 448-587 nm. These sharp and reversible color changes, which correspond to pH ranges of 7-10, demonstrate the effectiveness of the synthesized azo compounds as effective acid-base indicators in analytical chemistry, offering potential alternatives to conventional standards.

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Author Biographies

yazan zuhair, u.o.anbar

Yazan Zuhair Abbas is a Master's student at the College of Education for Pure Science, University of Anbar, Iraq. He received the B.Sc. degree in Chemistry from the College of Education for Pure Sciences (Ibn Al-Haitham) at the University of Baghdad in 2022. He can be contacted via email at: yaz23u4022@uoanbar.edu.iq
Abdullah Hussein Kshash

Dr. Abdullah Hussein Kshash is a professor at the College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Anbar, Iraq. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from the University of Anbar, and the Ph.D. degree from Tikrit University. He can be contacted via email at: drabdullah@uoanbar.edu.iq

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Published

30-12-2025

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025): Volume 2, Issue 4

Section

Research Articles

License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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How to Cite

[1]

yazan zuhair and A. H. . Kshash, “Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Nitroaniline-Based Azo Compounds as Acid-Base Indicators”, IJApSc, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 18–29, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.69923/w1fd6d83.